HISTORY:

This  history  given  from a  book "A History of Rome to 565 A. D. "which is written by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak


"If any  mistake please tell in comment box we has  write in own  words"

"short Form history for information"


The Italy Geography 


The italy , connected the  Apennines, enclose by the sea and alps  to come out for just like a " long pier-head"  from eourpe toward the northern.the shore of africa. it include  two large different areas "  northern" continental "and south" peninsular".  both  area   is about  91,200 square miles.

The shore line . italy's offers a significant regularity of the shore line .In comparison with greece. In a 200 miles present spectacular harbors. some are  present on the southern and  western coast. Thus the role of the Italian Mediterranean coast, with it Fertile lowlands, its rivers, its harbors, and its general south The aspect, made it more inviting and accessible The sea compared to the east coast, and determined its leadership in it. Cultural and material development of the peninsula.

The malaria has  ancient and modern time disease .Italy has suffered the most. many of people died  from him.The treatments for this disease are different because the development of civilization has led to cultivation and drainage in the affected areas or its decline has ended the beneficial work.

Name of italy is anicent italy.It is derived from the people known as Itali, Its name begins with the word vitulus (calf).It was applied by the Greeks in the early fifth century BC to the southwestern tip of the peninsula adjoining the Sicilian Peninsula. It quickly gained a much wider importance, even from the beginning of the second century, when Italy geographically pointed the whole country north as far as the Alps. Politically, as we shall see, the name has had a very limited importance for a long time.


IN ITALY  ARCHAIC  CIVILIZATION


Italy access to the external influences.the italian peninsula long coastline rather not divide sea unite him  rendered it peculiarly accessible to influences from overseas.Thus Italy was constantly subjected to migration by sea, and even more so by the cultural stimuli from the lands whose coastal borders meet those seas.Nor the forests and swamps of the Alps and the valleys Opposition to any effective barriers to migration and cultural influences from Central Europe. As a result, we have a meeting place in Italy for people coming and going by sea from east and south.From the north to the earth, each brings a new ethnic, linguistic and cultural element to strengthen the life of the peninsula. These movements have been going on for a long time, even at the beginning of recorded history. Italy was occupied by people of different races, speaking different languages, and living in a wide variety of political and cultural conditions ۔


Old Stone Age.Evidence of early human existence in Italy shows that human development began in the old Stone Age or Paleolithic .Adhesive devices of this period have been found in abundance, and are mainly of the Moustérien and Chelléen types. They are accompanied by the bones of a bear, a cave lion, a hyena, a giant deer, and the early species of rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and the bones of elephants, which the Paleolithic man fought and hunted. Human skeletons have been found in Balzi Russian caves near Ventimiglia in Liguria, some of which are believed to be of the Paleolithic age, at least. But the caves of Liguria and elsewhere, then, only the settlements that people knew, do not show the living and rich murals and carvings on the bones, which the Stone Age left in the caves of France and Spain.


New Stone Age.With the Neolithic , a civilization appears in Italy characterized by the use of polished stone tools.Axes, adzes and chisels of various shapes and sizes, as well as other vessels were polished and ground by sandstone, limestone, jade, nephrite, diorite and other stones.Along with them, however, chipped flint and obsidian articles, for which workshops have been found, and bone tools were also in common use. The Neolithic people were also familiar with the art of pottery, an art unknown in the Paleolithic period. Like the men of earlier times, the Neolithic people easily made their home in natural caves. However, they also built for themselves villages of wickerwork and mud huts, which were sometimes built on top of ditches dug in the ground. Such village locations, the so-called fonde di capanne, are widely distributed throughout Italy. They buried their dead in caves, or in pits dug in the ground, sometimes burying the pits with stones. The body was regularly placed in a contracted position, along with weapons, vases, clothing and food. The second burial and the painting of skeletal bones with red oil was common.


Ligurians are probably a Neolithic people.It is very likely that one of the historical people of Italy survived directly from the Neolithic period.These were the so-called Ligures (Ligurians), who for a long time maintained themselves in the mountainous district around the Gulf of Genoa.It is very likely that one of the historical people of Italy survived directly from the Neolithic period. These were the so-called Ligures (Ligurians), who for a long time maintained themselves in the mountainous district around the Gulf of Genoa. In support of this view, it can be argued that (1) that tradition makes them one of the oldest people in Italy, (2) that even when Rome was the dominant state in Italy, they still ruled the entire western part of the Po Valley. Was captured. And spread as far south as Pisa, when they were thought to have occupied a very large area at one time, (3) that at the beginning of our own era they were still in a relatively barbaric state. Lived in caves and rugged huts, and (4) that the neo-clergy culture survived for the longest time in the region, which was not affected by later migration.


Iron Age.The prehistoric Iron Age in Italy has left extensive remnants in the northern and central regions, but this is by no means the south. The most important center of this civilization was Vlanova, near Bologna. Here, again, we have to deal with a new kind of civilization, which is not the development of the Terramier culture. In addition to the use of iron, this age is marked by the practice of the last rites, in which certain types of burial vessels are placed in the tombs of the well (tombe a pozzo). In Etruria, south of the Apennines, the early Iron Age is of the Vilanova type. It is quite certain that in both Umbria and Etruria this civilization was the work of the Umbrians, who at one time occupied the territory on either side of the Apennines. We do not know anything about the migration of the Umbrians to Italy, but it seems that their civilization flourished in Central Europe. The later Iron Age civilizations north of Etruria and the Apennines are identified as the Etruscans.


Latium.Lithium is an evolution of the Iron Age civilization under the influence of Villanovan. Here is a special feature used [12] A hut-shaped urn to collect the ashes of the dead. This clash He himself was buried in a large coffin.

 This is civilization. Historical Latinos, who also belong to the mountain villages. 

Lithium and walled towns, built between the eighth and sixth centuries BC, in the Iron Age, somewhere in the northern part of Italy, belong to the culture of the Terramier period. Similarly, Iron Age in the east and south of the peninsula is a local development under external stimuli. The last sketch of the rise of civilization in Italy has brought us to the point where we have to deal with those who occupied Italian territory at the beginning of the historical period, because from the sixth century onwards it is possible to Try to find the date. The record of the movement of these Italian races.